characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. D. espite the countr. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Abstract and Figures. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. . By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Productivity and technology. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. The mixed agriculture exhibits several subsystems. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. 2. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. Agriculture. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. Wubne, Mulatu. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Merkebu Getachew. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. The Blue Nile River. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. An estimated 85 percent of the . More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. In addition to red meat, there are emerging opportunities in chicken, egg, and dairy production and processing. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. 2. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. Title. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. This site contains PDF documents. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. Overview. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. Wubne, Mulatu. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases.

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