2022
01.08

how to make a mandolin neck

how to make a mandolin neck

In this video I start with a AAA Quilted Maple neck blank and go through all the step to get the neck ready to install on the Octave Mandolin. A bowed neck can cause a variety of issues, including difficulty playing chords, buzzing strings, and poor tuning. The mandolin is often used in folk music, bluegrass, and classical music. Always use a clean, soft cotton cloth. Once the strings are removed, the truss rod can be adjusted. A bowed neck can also cause the strings to become too high off the fretboard, resulting in a poor playing experience. The bridge takes care of three main things: Most mandolins have a flat fingerboard across the fret as opposed to most guitars, which have an arch to the fret. The mandola sits in between the octave mandolin and the regular mandolin. Before shaping out the neck, cut a slot for the truss rod about 3/8" deep on the table saw or router or whatever you have. I chose to make a tempalte from the blueprint, as it would be easier to make a tempalte that allowed for the thickness of the bings that way. Have your 4th finger over on the 5th fret of the 4th string and your 2nd finger on the 2nd fret of string 3. on Introduction, any music wire (piano wire, guitar strings, etc..) would work just as well as long a you can get the right gauges for the notes you want to be able to tune to, 9 years ago If the headstock is not aligned properly, it can cause the neck to bow; adjust the headstock as needed. Chords are groups of notes that are played together by strumming all the mandolin strings while holding down certain strings with your left-hand fingers. All the info and recommendations are produced by our team only, so you should expect unique expert insights that arent available anywhere else. Firstly playing the mandolin with clean hands will make a massive difference to string life. I want to add binding to the peghead to match the trim on the body. I'd love to see it! In the process I lowered the bridge and now this cheapie plays like a real champ. I notched the two braces together in the x pattern then glued them onto the top with wood glue. 001. I left the back a bit long to be trimmed to size later. The truss rod tool should be inserted carefully and slowly, and the neck should be monitored for any changes as the truss rod is adjusted. 5. cb00ne. The arched top and back are ready for sanding and assembly, or you can tap-tune the fine European spruce top until it's just right. 002Built by Chris Williams, 2006. Surprisingly, joining the neck to the ham can turned out to be a fairly simple task. i'll also probably end up with a 4 string mandolin: i've decided to go with wood laminate for the sides as i haven't the patience to "bend" the wood. Check the neck angle. The sake of our blog is to share our experience and communicate with other passionate country music personalities. 3. Oval. Put two staples in the back of the fingerboard-one between the first fret and the nut and the other between the last two frets. This included small screws which I had to pre-drill for. I'd put a coat of linseed, tung, or Watco on the bare wood. Leveling the FretsI leveled the frets with fine sand paper attached to a flat block of wood. This Cheat Sheet explains these helpful tools while supplying the most common chords and scales that youre likely to run into when playing .\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273760\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]\"mandolin LuismiCSS / Shutterstock.com[/caption]","description":"In order to translate written musical instructions and symbols into music that you can play on your mandolin, a basic understanding of chord diagrams, tablature (or tab), and the fingering for a few common scales makes your life a lot easier. Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success. This Cheat Sheet explains these helpful tools while supplying the most common chords and scales . I might use a razor blade instead of a scraper. 3 More Images. I did it and it came out great. I then notched and glued on the cross braces again using a board to keep everything flat while the glue dried. If you can, post a picture of your mandolin when you finish it. In conclusion, it is important to make sure that the mandolin neck is straight in order to ensure a good playing experience and sound quality. Attach the head templates and smooth out the head as well by sanding it. Move the bridge up and down the body of the mandolin so that the strings are at the desired height from the fretboard. Use a band saw for cutting the neck according to plans. The frets are metal bars that are installed along the fretboard of the mandolin. If there isn't, reapply oil and let it soak in another half hour. The trickiest part of this process is keeping the hammer level to prevent damage to the fingerboard.If a fret didn't seat all the way across, I removed it with the pair of pliers shown above. 13 years ago And once you become familiar with mandolin chord charts, everything will be easier and less abstract. I also carved the heel of the neck to the correct size and created a smooth transition between the neck and body. What are the Steps to Set up a Mandolin? If the truss rod is not properly adjusted, it can cause the neck to become bowed or twisted. Neck: The mandolin's neck is the long piece of wood that extends from the body with the strings running up it. I secured the binding to the body with large rubber bands while they dried and cooled.Gluing on the BindingI first had to carefully cut the top binding to length so that the ends would fit snugly flow into the neck. If the neck is not straight, make small adjustments to the truss rod until the desired straightness is achieved. To ensure a proper straightening of the mandolin neck, use a truss rod wrench to adjust the truss rod. The button looked strangely proportioned to me when I layed it out so it would only cover the top of the neck. Place a straight-edge along the length of the mandolin neck and check for any irregularities. I also added a number of other clamps to secure the head and tail block areas and fill in where needed.Shaping the FretboardThe fretboard was cut to it's final size using the belt sander and a paper template so I could use the fretboard's top profile to carve the neck. Re: Thinning a mandolin neck. Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. Setting up the Mandolin Download Article 1 Hold your mandolin in your lap. Hold between 2/3. Adjust the bridge saddle height, if necessary. 3. This can be done sitting or standing. I would also like to add a peg head inlay, likely of a simple symbol, my initials or maybe my last name.That's enough rambling from me: I'll let the pictures speak their thousands of words! From there, I carefully taped across to the unseated side until the entire fret was seated up to the tangs. Does it sound like a real mandolin? I used a microplane and a wood rasp to refine the side profile with the bridge clamped in a vise. All rights reserved. Adjust the length of the strap, as needed, to ensure the mandolin is held securely and comfortably. He also teaches mandolin at music camps. it really will not be any harder, just the peghead is bigger. Bill IM (NS)HO Feb-07-2013, 4:15pm #6 lenf12 Registered User Join Date Jul 2008 Posts The courses are normally tuned in unison and consist of two single strings plucked together. Ratliff Mandolins produces around 25 high quality mandolins per year. If youre a mandolin player, you know how important it is to have a properly straightened neck. Otherwise, they are tuned the same and have a similar tone. I sanded the excess with the spindle sander again. In case you are using a kit to build the mandolin, the neck may already be there. The mandolin is a beautiful melody instrument, and many melodies are derived from scales. The proportions seem to work out better. Like my first mandolin, the design is fairly untraditional. Relief is needed to make space for the oscillation of the string, which is greatest at its mid-point. 0991 Peg Head Overlay Veneer - Ebony . A Minor: This one has your biggest stretch so far, but as you're playing the mandolin, it's still not that far. The first step is to bandsaw the rough side profile using a paper template as a guide. The form is a very important part of making a bent side mandolin even though it won't actually be used in the final instrument. To check the neck joint, remove the neck and inspect the joint for any gaps. btw beautiful piece of work! The ends of the lateral braces were carved down using a wood rasp.LabelI made up a custom label that matches the label that I glued in position under the bass side sound hole. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If the strings are too high at the nut, its really tough to fret, and the intonation in the first position can be sharp. Gluing on the NeckBesides the awkward way I had to clamp the neck to the head bloc, this step went very smoothly. Making A Laminated Neck Blank Project Electric Guitar 12.2K subscribers Subscribe 1.3K 84K views 5 years ago Here's how I prepare the pieces, glue and clamp a laminated neck blank for an. This method works, but it's clumsy to work with and isn't the most stable since the block can bend and therefore let the head block move (although only a little bit. If the neck joint is loose, it can cause the neck to bow; tighten the neck joint as needed. All the old glue most be cleaned out, and any necessary wood repairs executed. I was thinking about trying something like that at one point too. When a mandolin neck is curved, the strings will be unevenly spaced, which can make it difficult to play certain chords. Once you have your relief dialed in, you can move on to the adjustments at the bridge. After the third coat, I waited at least 12 hours before going over the finish a final time using 0000 steel wool. Adjusting bridge height using thumb wheels, Measuring Gap between strings and first fret using a feeler gauge. First, I carved the lower end of the neck to match the contour of the ham can's top. You can sometimes turn the nut of the bridge with your fingers or use a set of needle-nose pliers if the wheel or nut is too tight. Sitting offers additional support by resting the mandolin on a crossed leg. It allows for the strings to be stretched, creating the necessary tension to make different pitches. He also teaches mandolin at music camps. BUILDING SPECIALISTS. Problem with positioning of the bridge. This is the jig we made for the curved angled cut.. Theres one step left, checking string height at the nut, and it has an enormous impact on how the mandolin plays in the first position. i think that your sound holes are too big, but I prefer a single small round or oval sound hole. Intonation is the adjustment that allows the fretted notes to play in tune with the open string. Check the strings. It's called a banjolin. I used a rasp to cut the top profile by carving the sides so they curve up to the top layout lines. Straightening a mandolin neck is a simple process and will provide a better playing experience and sound quality. Don enjoys connecting with musicians and believes that music should be a conversation, not a contest.

","authors":[{"authorId":9491,"name":"Don Julin","slug":"don-julin","description":"

Don Julin has a reputation for being one of the most eclectic mandolin players/instructors on the scene. you might try a more typical 8 string sometime. The outsides of the plates need only final scraping or sanding. Stagg M20 Left-Handed 8-String Bluegrass Mandolin (Best for Bluegrass Players) 14. 2. I used a router bit with a bearing that rides on the mandolin's sides for a consistent offset. While the bluegrass stylings of Bill Monroe certainly established the instrument as a mainstay in Americana, players ranging from Led Zeppelin's John Paul Jones to "Dawg" master David Grisman to modern innovator Chris Thile have shown that its distinctive chime can stand up to everything from Bach to Bonham. I had to go thru the whole pile to find a quartersawn piece, but you only need one plank . This project is a sequel to my first mandolin project, Building Mandolin No. You can also polish the finish with a varnish polish and a clean cloth if you would like an even higher level of shine. Additionally, check the bridge position and adjust it if necessary. He also teaches mandolin at music camps. Tape off the neck where you want to stop so you have a nice line there. In this video I start with a AAA Quilted Maple neck blank and go through all the step to get the neck ready to install on the Octave Mandolin.Mandocello \u0026 Octave Mandolin blueprints: https://www.hovingtoninstruments.com/store/c1/Featured_Products.htmlTOOLS \u0026 CONSUMABLESStarbond Affiliated link: https://www.starbond.com/?rfsn=4557175.8fa7abUse TOMY10 at checkoutNeedle Files https://amzn.to/39ehKTlNut files https://amzn.to/3qGpx22End fret file https://amzn.to/366IjYESpool clamps https://amzn.to/3oerpNKLuthier's Clamps https://amzn.to/39ehdRlStanley coping saw https://amzn.to/2KQaljGJeweler saw \u0026 blades https://amzn.to/3ocF7R9Card Scraper set https://amzn.to/3t3rdomProtractor https://amzn.to/3o9rn9WDial indicator https://amzn.to/3pjuDRtString winder https://amzn.to/3sThUXRBinding glue (Duco) https://amzn.to/39YP0guTable saw blade: https://amzn.to/3iKeGkFDado Oshlun 6\" https://amzn.to/3cch9DlWood Slicer Bandsaw blade by Highland WoodworkingDewalt router kit https://amzn.to/3iPAEmvDewalt variable speed sander https://amzn.to/39iZGHLPorter cable drill and impact combo https://amzn.to/3sSCdonDremel https://amzn.to/3sSxF18Dremel base https://amzn.to/3sUBEKzInlay bits: https://amzn.to/3psw8NvMy Video gearCamera: Iphone 11 pro: https://amzn.to/3peiEEUCanon T5i: https://amzn.to/3sStItkYongnuo 35mm: https://amzn.to/39fFqXgYongnuo 50mm: https://amzn.to/3a3YnvlSD card: https://amzn.to/2LUbd7sExternal harddrive LaCie 5T: https://amzn.to/3ofhN5lOctave Mandolin Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB3i3ZcgLMU\u0026list=PLAoIsxfenTwYWTdxDy6WIon8oNYdaWi50website:http://www.hovingtoninstruments.com/

Furniture Donation Pick Up Marin County, When Is The Get Griddy Emote Coming Back 2022, Are Pit Tickets More Expensive, How Many Employees Work On The Drummond Ranch, Articles H

van dorn injection molding machine manual pdf
2022
01.08

how to make a mandolin neck

In this video I start with a AAA Quilted Maple neck blank and go through all the step to get the neck ready to install on the Octave Mandolin. A bowed neck can cause a variety of issues, including difficulty playing chords, buzzing strings, and poor tuning. The mandolin is often used in folk music, bluegrass, and classical music. Always use a clean, soft cotton cloth. Once the strings are removed, the truss rod can be adjusted. A bowed neck can also cause the strings to become too high off the fretboard, resulting in a poor playing experience. The bridge takes care of three main things: Most mandolins have a flat fingerboard across the fret as opposed to most guitars, which have an arch to the fret. The mandola sits in between the octave mandolin and the regular mandolin. Before shaping out the neck, cut a slot for the truss rod about 3/8" deep on the table saw or router or whatever you have. I chose to make a tempalte from the blueprint, as it would be easier to make a tempalte that allowed for the thickness of the bings that way. Have your 4th finger over on the 5th fret of the 4th string and your 2nd finger on the 2nd fret of string 3. on Introduction, any music wire (piano wire, guitar strings, etc..) would work just as well as long a you can get the right gauges for the notes you want to be able to tune to, 9 years ago If the headstock is not aligned properly, it can cause the neck to bow; adjust the headstock as needed. Chords are groups of notes that are played together by strumming all the mandolin strings while holding down certain strings with your left-hand fingers. All the info and recommendations are produced by our team only, so you should expect unique expert insights that arent available anywhere else. Firstly playing the mandolin with clean hands will make a massive difference to string life. I want to add binding to the peghead to match the trim on the body. I'd love to see it! In the process I lowered the bridge and now this cheapie plays like a real champ. I notched the two braces together in the x pattern then glued them onto the top with wood glue. 001. I left the back a bit long to be trimmed to size later. The truss rod tool should be inserted carefully and slowly, and the neck should be monitored for any changes as the truss rod is adjusted. 5. cb00ne. The arched top and back are ready for sanding and assembly, or you can tap-tune the fine European spruce top until it's just right. 002Built by Chris Williams, 2006. Surprisingly, joining the neck to the ham can turned out to be a fairly simple task. i'll also probably end up with a 4 string mandolin: i've decided to go with wood laminate for the sides as i haven't the patience to "bend" the wood. Check the neck angle. The sake of our blog is to share our experience and communicate with other passionate country music personalities. 3. Oval. Put two staples in the back of the fingerboard-one between the first fret and the nut and the other between the last two frets. This included small screws which I had to pre-drill for. I'd put a coat of linseed, tung, or Watco on the bare wood. Leveling the FretsI leveled the frets with fine sand paper attached to a flat block of wood. This Cheat Sheet explains these helpful tools while supplying the most common chords and scales that youre likely to run into when playing .\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273760\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]\"mandolin LuismiCSS / Shutterstock.com[/caption]","description":"In order to translate written musical instructions and symbols into music that you can play on your mandolin, a basic understanding of chord diagrams, tablature (or tab), and the fingering for a few common scales makes your life a lot easier. Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success. This Cheat Sheet explains these helpful tools while supplying the most common chords and scales . I might use a razor blade instead of a scraper. 3 More Images. I did it and it came out great. I then notched and glued on the cross braces again using a board to keep everything flat while the glue dried. If you can, post a picture of your mandolin when you finish it. In conclusion, it is important to make sure that the mandolin neck is straight in order to ensure a good playing experience and sound quality. Attach the head templates and smooth out the head as well by sanding it. Move the bridge up and down the body of the mandolin so that the strings are at the desired height from the fretboard. Use a band saw for cutting the neck according to plans. The frets are metal bars that are installed along the fretboard of the mandolin. If there isn't, reapply oil and let it soak in another half hour. The trickiest part of this process is keeping the hammer level to prevent damage to the fingerboard.If a fret didn't seat all the way across, I removed it with the pair of pliers shown above. 13 years ago And once you become familiar with mandolin chord charts, everything will be easier and less abstract. I also carved the heel of the neck to the correct size and created a smooth transition between the neck and body. What are the Steps to Set up a Mandolin? If the truss rod is not properly adjusted, it can cause the neck to become bowed or twisted. Neck: The mandolin's neck is the long piece of wood that extends from the body with the strings running up it. I secured the binding to the body with large rubber bands while they dried and cooled.Gluing on the BindingI first had to carefully cut the top binding to length so that the ends would fit snugly flow into the neck. If the neck is not straight, make small adjustments to the truss rod until the desired straightness is achieved. To ensure a proper straightening of the mandolin neck, use a truss rod wrench to adjust the truss rod. The button looked strangely proportioned to me when I layed it out so it would only cover the top of the neck. Place a straight-edge along the length of the mandolin neck and check for any irregularities. I also added a number of other clamps to secure the head and tail block areas and fill in where needed.Shaping the FretboardThe fretboard was cut to it's final size using the belt sander and a paper template so I could use the fretboard's top profile to carve the neck. Re: Thinning a mandolin neck. Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. Setting up the Mandolin Download Article 1 Hold your mandolin in your lap. Hold between 2/3. Adjust the bridge saddle height, if necessary. 3. This can be done sitting or standing. I would also like to add a peg head inlay, likely of a simple symbol, my initials or maybe my last name.That's enough rambling from me: I'll let the pictures speak their thousands of words! From there, I carefully taped across to the unseated side until the entire fret was seated up to the tangs. Does it sound like a real mandolin? I used a microplane and a wood rasp to refine the side profile with the bridge clamped in a vise. All rights reserved. Adjust the length of the strap, as needed, to ensure the mandolin is held securely and comfortably. He also teaches mandolin at music camps. it really will not be any harder, just the peghead is bigger. Bill IM (NS)HO Feb-07-2013, 4:15pm #6 lenf12 Registered User Join Date Jul 2008 Posts The courses are normally tuned in unison and consist of two single strings plucked together. Ratliff Mandolins produces around 25 high quality mandolins per year. If youre a mandolin player, you know how important it is to have a properly straightened neck. Otherwise, they are tuned the same and have a similar tone. I sanded the excess with the spindle sander again. In case you are using a kit to build the mandolin, the neck may already be there. The mandolin is a beautiful melody instrument, and many melodies are derived from scales. The proportions seem to work out better. Like my first mandolin, the design is fairly untraditional. Relief is needed to make space for the oscillation of the string, which is greatest at its mid-point. 0991 Peg Head Overlay Veneer - Ebony . A Minor: This one has your biggest stretch so far, but as you're playing the mandolin, it's still not that far. The first step is to bandsaw the rough side profile using a paper template as a guide. The form is a very important part of making a bent side mandolin even though it won't actually be used in the final instrument. To check the neck joint, remove the neck and inspect the joint for any gaps. btw beautiful piece of work! The ends of the lateral braces were carved down using a wood rasp.LabelI made up a custom label that matches the label that I glued in position under the bass side sound hole. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If the strings are too high at the nut, its really tough to fret, and the intonation in the first position can be sharp. Gluing on the NeckBesides the awkward way I had to clamp the neck to the head bloc, this step went very smoothly. Making A Laminated Neck Blank Project Electric Guitar 12.2K subscribers Subscribe 1.3K 84K views 5 years ago Here's how I prepare the pieces, glue and clamp a laminated neck blank for an. This method works, but it's clumsy to work with and isn't the most stable since the block can bend and therefore let the head block move (although only a little bit. If the neck joint is loose, it can cause the neck to bow; tighten the neck joint as needed. All the old glue most be cleaned out, and any necessary wood repairs executed. I was thinking about trying something like that at one point too. When a mandolin neck is curved, the strings will be unevenly spaced, which can make it difficult to play certain chords. Once you have your relief dialed in, you can move on to the adjustments at the bridge. After the third coat, I waited at least 12 hours before going over the finish a final time using 0000 steel wool. Adjusting bridge height using thumb wheels, Measuring Gap between strings and first fret using a feeler gauge. First, I carved the lower end of the neck to match the contour of the ham can's top. You can sometimes turn the nut of the bridge with your fingers or use a set of needle-nose pliers if the wheel or nut is too tight. Sitting offers additional support by resting the mandolin on a crossed leg. It allows for the strings to be stretched, creating the necessary tension to make different pitches. He also teaches mandolin at music camps. BUILDING SPECIALISTS. Problem with positioning of the bridge. This is the jig we made for the curved angled cut.. Theres one step left, checking string height at the nut, and it has an enormous impact on how the mandolin plays in the first position. i think that your sound holes are too big, but I prefer a single small round or oval sound hole. Intonation is the adjustment that allows the fretted notes to play in tune with the open string. Check the strings. It's called a banjolin. I used a rasp to cut the top profile by carving the sides so they curve up to the top layout lines. Straightening a mandolin neck is a simple process and will provide a better playing experience and sound quality. Don enjoys connecting with musicians and believes that music should be a conversation, not a contest.

","authors":[{"authorId":9491,"name":"Don Julin","slug":"don-julin","description":"

Don Julin has a reputation for being one of the most eclectic mandolin players/instructors on the scene. you might try a more typical 8 string sometime. The outsides of the plates need only final scraping or sanding. Stagg M20 Left-Handed 8-String Bluegrass Mandolin (Best for Bluegrass Players) 14. 2. I used a router bit with a bearing that rides on the mandolin's sides for a consistent offset. While the bluegrass stylings of Bill Monroe certainly established the instrument as a mainstay in Americana, players ranging from Led Zeppelin's John Paul Jones to "Dawg" master David Grisman to modern innovator Chris Thile have shown that its distinctive chime can stand up to everything from Bach to Bonham. I had to go thru the whole pile to find a quartersawn piece, but you only need one plank . This project is a sequel to my first mandolin project, Building Mandolin No. You can also polish the finish with a varnish polish and a clean cloth if you would like an even higher level of shine. Additionally, check the bridge position and adjust it if necessary. He also teaches mandolin at music camps. Tape off the neck where you want to stop so you have a nice line there. In this video I start with a AAA Quilted Maple neck blank and go through all the step to get the neck ready to install on the Octave Mandolin.Mandocello \u0026 Octave Mandolin blueprints: https://www.hovingtoninstruments.com/store/c1/Featured_Products.htmlTOOLS \u0026 CONSUMABLESStarbond Affiliated link: https://www.starbond.com/?rfsn=4557175.8fa7abUse TOMY10 at checkoutNeedle Files https://amzn.to/39ehKTlNut files https://amzn.to/3qGpx22End fret file https://amzn.to/366IjYESpool clamps https://amzn.to/3oerpNKLuthier's Clamps https://amzn.to/39ehdRlStanley coping saw https://amzn.to/2KQaljGJeweler saw \u0026 blades https://amzn.to/3ocF7R9Card Scraper set https://amzn.to/3t3rdomProtractor https://amzn.to/3o9rn9WDial indicator https://amzn.to/3pjuDRtString winder https://amzn.to/3sThUXRBinding glue (Duco) https://amzn.to/39YP0guTable saw blade: https://amzn.to/3iKeGkFDado Oshlun 6\" https://amzn.to/3cch9DlWood Slicer Bandsaw blade by Highland WoodworkingDewalt router kit https://amzn.to/3iPAEmvDewalt variable speed sander https://amzn.to/39iZGHLPorter cable drill and impact combo https://amzn.to/3sSCdonDremel https://amzn.to/3sSxF18Dremel base https://amzn.to/3sUBEKzInlay bits: https://amzn.to/3psw8NvMy Video gearCamera: Iphone 11 pro: https://amzn.to/3peiEEUCanon T5i: https://amzn.to/3sStItkYongnuo 35mm: https://amzn.to/39fFqXgYongnuo 50mm: https://amzn.to/3a3YnvlSD card: https://amzn.to/2LUbd7sExternal harddrive LaCie 5T: https://amzn.to/3ofhN5lOctave Mandolin Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB3i3ZcgLMU\u0026list=PLAoIsxfenTwYWTdxDy6WIon8oNYdaWi50website:http://www.hovingtoninstruments.com/ Furniture Donation Pick Up Marin County, When Is The Get Griddy Emote Coming Back 2022, Are Pit Tickets More Expensive, How Many Employees Work On The Drummond Ranch, Articles H

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