micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

They are catalase positive and often oxidase positive although this reaction may be weak (see Table 23.3 ). Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . The API 20 Strep test I used came up with no conclusive results. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. Shape (Cocci/Diplococci/Rods) Cocci. Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. The oxygen class of the microbe, obligate aerobe, matches up with the predictions I had made about it because the bacteria was originally sourced in a nostril. You can change these settings at any time, but that may impair functionality on our websites. The genus Micrococcus consists of Gram-positive spheres occurring in tetrads and in irregular clusters that are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming. I hypothesized that it would be a bacteria commonly found in the nasal cavities and likely from the aforementioned phyla, so it would likely do best living in an aerobic, humid, and warm environment. What are the Uses of Micrococcus Gram Stain? Micrococcus Catalase Test: The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. Under the microscope they are round cells. The data on the GC content of the DNA, chemical cell wall analysis, and a comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences. J Gen Microbiol 30(1963)409-427 . The confidence on that reading is decently confident, evidenced by the blue coloring. So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. We will discuss this shortly. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. Micrococcus are aerobic, Gram-positive cocci ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 m in diameter. They are generally strict aerobes and these can generally reduce nitrate concentration. Several uncommon strains produce raised colonies with translucent, depressed centers. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. Micrococcus luteus (left) Alcaligenes faecalis (middle) Reduction of nitrate to nitrite to be used as a final electron acceptor/Nitrate reductase. A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. Some Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria; for example, M. luteus produces yellow colonies and M. roseus produces redish colonies. Following incubation at 37oC, if the plasma forms a clot, the organism is coagulase positive. The results of these tests provide a biochemical profile, or "fingerprint," that can be used to classify or even identify the bacterial species. Where the M. luteus can cause severe skin infections and is sometimes clinically mistaken for Staphylococcus aureus. The streptococci and enterococci are categorized by expression of either beta, alpha, or gamma hemolysis on sBAP, depending on the genus/species. Take a clean, scratch free glass slide. There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by. These organisms range in virulence potential from commensal organisms found on the skin and mucous membranes to pathogens associated with serious infections. The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. The staphylococci and micrococci are catalase producers while the streptococci, enterococci, and a variety of other Gram-positive cocci are catalase-negative. This would be read K/NC. Alpha-hemolytic colonies often assume a greenish hue. Wikipedia also says that Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe, backing up what my results show (2019). M. luteus is the majority of reads on the species level. For the micrococci, susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents, bacitracin and furazolidone, as well as the modified oxidase test can be performed to distinguish this group from the staphylococci. Next, we see an image of a mixed bacterial culture which displays the white, creamy, non- hemolytic colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis mixed with the golden, hemolytic colonies of Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus spp. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. This microbe forms large, round colonies. Gamma or no hemolysis results in no characteristic display in the vicinity of the colony. It has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years, as assessed by 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer. Your email address will not be published. 2. This technique is centered on the performance of the classic Grams stain. As its name suggests, mannitol salt agar (MSA) contains 1% mannitol (sugar), 7.5% salt, and agar as a solidifying agent. Kaiju webserver metagenome binning analysis chart. This presentation will focus on the laboratory tests useful for the differentiation among the families as opposed to the more complicated differentiation and identification of the organisms within the different genera. 2-9 In these reports micrococci were identified on the basis of their . Beta-hemolysis is a defining characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus and a certain streptococci. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) is a selective, differential, and indicator medium used to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from the clinical specimen. I also hypothesize that it will be an aerobic organism, given that I found it in a well aerated environment and it has survived until I cultured it. These include the slide or drop catalase test, the tube method, the semiquantitative catalase for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ans: Micrococci, like many other representatives of the Actinobacteria, can be catabolically versatile, with the ability to utilize a wide range of unusual substrates, such as herbicides, pyridine, chlorinated biphenyls, and oil. Further tests that I would do would be testing how much heat resistance it has, the density of a broth suspended sample using a dilution series, test for more antibiotic resistances, and how well it can grow in antibacterial mediums and mediums of different pH levels. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. The identified reads only made up a total of twenty seven percent of the total reads, but the majority of those reads were for M. luteus. 2. Micrococcus luteus in tetrads arrangement. They also produce yellow or pink colonies when they are grown on the mannitol salt agar, micrococcus flavus, M. terreus, and M. yunnanensis. Wikipedia contributors. // This simple-to-perform test categorizes the Gram-positive cocci as either catalase producers (+) or non-producers (-). . Abstract Micrococcus luteus IFO 3333 cells, both treated with chemical reagents and non-treated, were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is Gram positive, Coagulase positive, catalase and oxidase positive non-motile bacteria. Book a free counselling session. From four species that have been identify, only Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta that show ability to block pathogen bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. luteus is rarely found to be responsible for infections. M. luteus has the capability to show dormancy without the formation of spores. When performing tests for physiological traits, the results were limited. Biochemical Test Chart (You will not fill in every blank in this chart.) Many members of the genus have been reclassified into other genera. "Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances Micrococcus spp", "Genome sequence of the Fleming strain of Micrococcus luteus, a simple free-living actinobacterium", "Role of GC-biased mutation pressure on synonymous codon choice in Micrococcus luteus, a bacterium with a high genomic GC-content", "Reclassification of ATCC 9341 from Microccus luteus to Kocuria rhizophila", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=1132534318, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 09:24. M. luteus causes odours in humans when breaking down the components of sweat. This is in agreement with a study by Mohana et al., (2013) who reported that the carotenoid pigments had antioxidant properties of Micrococcus luteus was reported at IC50 of 4.5mg/ml, also the . Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Iranian Medicinal-Plants against Micrococcus Luteus, Serratia Marcescens, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Bordetella Bronchoseptica.. Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. M. luteus is an obligate aerobe (Medical Laboratories). I suspect that the API 20E test strip results were negated by having used an inactive colony, as the fluid thyoglycate test failed as well. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. 1. Coagulase Results: In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. Micrococcus luteus Grown on BrainHeart Infusion Agar, Klebsiella characteristics on MacConkey Agar, Clinical Case Leukocyte Vacoulation Bacterial Infection, Segmented neutrophilic granulocyte during degradation, DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation), Creatinine Phosphate Kinase (CPK) and CK-MB Overview. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. The typical microscopic morphology of the Gram-positive cocci when using the Grams stain is represented in these three images. The Gram stain, while it was gram variable, does not ideally match with the genetic test that resulted in Micrococcus luteus, which can be gram variable but is usually gram positive (Bonjar). Due to the thick structure of the bacterial cell wall, Gram-positive cocci retain the primary Grams stain, Crystal Violet. This test had VP, HIP, ESC, PYRA, aGAL, bGUR, bGAL, PAL, LAP, ADH, RIB, ARA, MAN, SOR, LAC, TRE, INU, RAF, AMD, and GLYG tests. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. With the advent of newer molecular techniques, genus and species confirmation is even faster and easier. This bacterium can also be transmitted to others due to poor hand-washing practices. The microscopic morphology of the organisms as visualized using the Grams stain can give initial clues as to the possible identification of the organism. Gram-positive organisms appear purple under the microscope as opposed to the other category of bacterial cell with its own unique cell wall, the Gram-negative rod or coccus, which stains red. Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. View Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx from BIOL 250L at University of South Carolina. The identification of three different biovars within the species M. luteus has the advantage that the three groups can be differentiated without nomenclatural changes having to be introduced. [3] This matches up with the PATRIC metagenome binning which also showed some impurities (Figure 1). In conclusion, some of my results were inconclusive and conflicting. [8], Norwegian researchers in 2013 found a M. luteus strain that synthesizes a pigment that absorbs wavelengths of light from 350 to 475 nanometers. Bacteria Detail., The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. The Micrococcus genus is known to be found on dust particles, in water, on skin and skin glands in vertebrates, and some species can be found in milk. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. 1. Micrococcus is a spherical bacterium found on dead or decaying organic matter while Staphylococcus is a gram-positive bacterial genus that produces a bunch of grape-like bacterial clusters. These families of bacteria produce colonies which are variable both in size, consistency, and the type of hemolysis produced on sBAP. Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. Micrococcus luteus. The sample was then sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq technology in UAFs DNA Core Lab. Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. Microbes are too small to be seen by the naked eye; they can survive in conditions that many would think are unlivable like the anaerobic environment in the rumen of cows, hot springs, and cold Antarctic waters (What are microbes, 2010). They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. Another set of tests that I performed were physiological tests, including testing for oxygen class with fluid thyoglycate, checking for catalase using hydrogen peroxide, checking for cytochrome c oxidase using oxidase test strips, and using an API 20 E test strip to test for various different physiological traits such as Sulphur reduction, which had 20 different tests. M. luteus present on the human skin can transform compounds present in sweat into compounds with an unpleasant odour. 2- M. luteus 3- M.roseus Culture: - Strictly aerobic at 37C incubation (24 hr) - Grow on ordinary media Nutrient agar - Blood agar and on the Blood agar M. roseus (pink) M. luteus (white) M.varians (yellow) - On m annitol salt agar grow given r ise to rose or pink colonies except M. roseus. The antibiotic resistance test showed only minor resistance to the antibiotic Oxacillin, which is likely due to a chance inheritance in the population or complete chance because of the weak strength. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. Micrococcus lutues are Gram positive cocci that are 0.5 to 3.5 m in diameter and arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. Those are extremely toxic because they are powerful oxidizing agents and destroy cellular constituents very rapidly. This lines up with M. luteus resistances from the tests. Methods: To start isolating the bacterium, I used a sterile swab wet with deionized water provided by the lab to pick up bacteria from the shower drain. For example, Micrococcus varians is now known as Kocuria varians. I grew my bacteria on an Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with methylene blue which selects for gram negative bacteria. As mentioned, the type of hemolytic reaction produced on sBAP is a major clue toward the identification of the genus. Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. Principle of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram positive cocci possessing catalase enzyme. They are normal inhabitants of the human body and may even be essential in keeping the balance among the various . Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, Author: Karen Krisher Micrococcus luteus is a constituent of the normal human buccal bacterial flora which forms yellowish colonies and appears as a gram-positive coccus typically arranged in tetrads. If the infection leads to severe hemodynamic alterations, thus the valve replacement may become necessary. The partial decomposition of the hemoglobin of the erythrocytes by a weaker hemolysin. They have a respiratory metabolism, often producing little or no acid from carbohydrates, and are usually halotolerant, growing in 5% NaCl. Micrococcus luteus can synthesize the iso-branched and anteiso-branched alkenes by the head-to-head condensation of fatty-acid thioesters. They contain cytochromes and are resistant to lysostaphin. Micrococcus (pleural-micrococci) is free-living in the environment and also normal flora of the skin. Once the culture was deemed pure enough, I inoculated a slant tube. The categorization of the Gram-positive cocci based on their possession of the enzyme catalase, a quality which can be easily assayed in the lab. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but only some of which produce gas. Micrococcus species are strictly aerobic Gram-positive cocci arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters, and cells range from 0.5 to 3 m in diameter. Microbiome 2(27). The MacConkey agar is selective for gram-negative which is why my microbe didnt show much growth on it, and because it didnt change colors it means it didnt ferment the lactose. Source: Trainee Council in English, Hello, my name is Dr. Karen Krisher. . The Culture Collections represent deposits of cultures from world-wide sources. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). Members of the Staphylcocci can be differentiated based on production of the enzyme coagulase. Results of the biochemical tests demonstrated that the M. luteus and M. varians strains could be distinguished by their actions on glucose and nitrate reduction (Table I). This fits well with where I sampled my bacterium from, as a shower drain is a place where both dust and water would accumulate, along with residues of skin glands from showering. M. luteus is considered an opportunistic pathogen that can be responsible for some of the nosocomial infections. While every effort is made to ensure details distributed by Culture Collections are accurate, Culture Collections cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies in the data supplied. Included in the observation of the morphology of the colony is the effect that the bacterial growth has on the sheep erythrocytes in the agar medium. Catalase is an enzyme produced by the organism to neutralize the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide in the environment of the cell. 1 Nevertheless they have been documented to be causative organisms in cases of bacteremia, endocarditis, ventriculitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, endophthalmitis, keratolysis and septic arthritis. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of, Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. The fluid thioglycallate test showed that the bacteria was an obligate aerobe because the growth was concentrated at the top of the tube in the pink region. It has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years, as assessed by 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. Micrococci are microbiologically characterized as gram-positive cocci, 0.5 to 3.5 m (micrometres; 1 m = 10-6 metre) in diameter. (2019, April 4). The staphylococci are characterized by the formation of clusters of many cocci. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. The PYRA, PAL, LAP, RIB, ARA, MAN, and TRE tests came up as positive. Micrococcus is the Gram-positive cocci that are about 0.5 to 3.5 micrometres in diameter and usually, these are arranged in tetrads or in irregular clusters. After observation of the colony and microscopic morphology, the production of catalase by the isolate is documented. Most of these are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus which is found in Antarctica, are psychrophiles. Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. Micrococcus luteusare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. After you have cultivated your organism on agar media, the next step is the microscopic examination. The name of the genus is also called " Germanized " is written as Micrococcus. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, An exploration into a pharmacists microbes, An exploration of microbes present in the blood of processed moose. Is Micrococcus luteus indole positive? These results might not be trustworthy. The API 20 E test strip results revealed nothing about what the isolate uses as an electron acceptor because every result was negative, and that it likely only uses glucose as an energy and carbon source and oxygen as its electron acceptor.

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