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how similar are native american languages
how similar are native american languages
(1998). South America had an aboriginal population of between 10 million and 20 million and the greatest diversity of languagesmore than 500 languages. ). Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1977). Its not entirely clear how all of these languages are tied together, and even the best guesses have to rely on best guesses. The Amerindian language family is a complicated language grouping. Navajo has four tones (high, rising, falling, low), marked by accents. "So it is a testament to the resilience of generations of Navajos that there is still a Navajo language being spoken today," Webster continues. Boas, Franz. Thats down slightly from 73.7 percent in 2005, though in 2010, that number had dipped to 72.2 percent. Although sometimes enshrined in constitutions as official, the languages may be used infrequently in de facto official use. "Much research in linguistics and linguistic anthropology have asked questions about what it means to be a speaker and it isn't so simple as 'knows the language' because, as can be imagined, that begs questions as well.". Reply [deleted] Additional comment actions [removed] Reply As a result, many relationships between languages and language families have not been determined and some of those relationships that have been proposed are on somewhat shaky ground. "All these languages are related historically (and related as well to Navajo) think, for example, of English and German or Spanish and French. . Over a thousand known languages were spoken by various peoples in North and South America prior to their first contact with Europeans. With the loss of the languages, all kinds of wonderful things that the speakers did with their languages have also vanished, for example, some of the greatest works of oral literature ever produced the multilingual performances with different characters speaking different languages that was found in the Pacific Northwest, Anderson said. The other 10% are using linguistically unsound methods--searching two languages for any two vocabulary words that begin with the same letter, essentially, and presenting them as evidence. Now, they continue to account for a large portion of the nations linguistic diversity. Which languages belong to the Germanic language family, and how similar are they today? Dakhtiyapi is the Dakota language spoken by nearly 19,000 people. "Navajo" Is the Most Common Native Language, but the Name Is Not Totally Accurate, 2. Of the roughly 2.7 million American Indians and Alaska Natives counted by the 2016 census, 73 percent of those aged 5 years or older spoke only English. It caused Sapir to suggest that ultimately all Native American languages would turn out to be related. Fifty years after the U.S. Congress passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act (CRA), Native Americans continue to fight for the right to remain an Indian (Lomawaima & McCarty, 2006) against a backdrop of test-driven language policies that threaten to destabilize proven bilingual programs and violate hard-fought language rights protections such as the Native American Languages Act of 1990/1992. and similarly in Canada, 133,000 people reported speaking an Indigenous language at home in the 2011 census. The Amerindian language family is a general term for the languages spoken in North and South America before contact with Europeans started in the 15th century. languages (including Choctaw, Cherokee, Lakota, and others) in both WWI and WWII Overview Somewhere between 250 and 600 languages spoken in North America at the time of European contact In 1997 there were about 211 (175 in present U.S.) Only about 30 languages are still spoken by all generations. Due to the diversity of languages in North America, it is difficult to make generalizations for the region. "Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and transmit to future generations their . 29 May 2020. Many of the proposed (and often speculative) groupings of families can be seen in Campbell (1997), Gordon (2005), Kaufman (1990, 1994), Key (1979), Loukotka (1968), and in the Language stock proposals section below. Several languages are only known by mention in historical documents or from only a few names or words. * The Na-Dene languages, often referred to as Athabascan or A. A short list is below. In D. L. Payne (Ed.). (1990). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. , and theres a long written history to show how it has evolved. Indigenous languages once flourished in the United States. The native languages of South America. Because of this, he has really hard opinions about AP Style. "Navajo people are Din, which just means 'people. ", "Like many Native American languages, many Navajos are concerned that young people are not learning the language at a rate that will insure its persistence," Webster says. A number of languages have become extinct: in the West Indies the aboriginal languages have almost entirely disappeared, and in America north of Mexico one-third of the aboriginal languages have become extinct. A bibliographical database, Indigenous Peoples Languages: Articles, News, Videos, Documentation Center of the Linguistic Minorities of Panama, The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America, The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, Southern Oregon Digital Archives First Nations Tribal Collection, Center for the Study of the Native Languages of the Plains and Southwest, Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica, Programa de Formacin en Educacin Intercultural Bilinge para los Pases Andinos, Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages, Indigenous language families and isolates, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&oldid=1142293786, CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br), Short description with empty Wikidata description, Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Quebec and Labrador, Canada, Canada (Ontario & Quebec) and US (New York), Mexico (Extinct, but retains recognition), *mi 'you', *min 'you' (obj), *min-ki 'your', *ni 'I', *ni-s 'me', *ne-r 'my', *ne-t 'my', *mi 'you', *mi-s (obj. "Recent papers on the language and works produced by the community use the name 'Din bizaad' [or Dineh bizad, in an alternate spelling]: 'people's language.' This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 16:24. "Sioux, as far as I know, is a historic term that covers several languages/dialects that may or may not be mutually intelligible, including Lakota and Dakota," Cornelius says. However, even after decades of research, a large number of families remain. In some cases, its a race against time to study these languages and keep them alive. "Likewise, for a variety of reasons, people may or may not want to identify in such a manner (questions of speakers is not a linguistic question, it is a social question). "5 Things to Know About Native American Languages Spoken in the 21st Century" "Navajo is a Southern Athabaskan language and a part of the . The tongue traditionally spoken by Potawatomi Native Americans had only eight people who'd learned it as their first. "Amerindian language" redirects here. Omissions? If all the proposed Penutian and Hokan languages in the table below are related, then the frequency drops to 9% of North American families, statistically indistinguishable from the world average. Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (De facto), Mexico, North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, Nicaragua, Honduras (Atlntida, Coln, Gracias a Dios), Salt River PimaMaricopa Indian Community, United States, Fort Apache Indian Reservation, United States, Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, United States, So Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil, (Banwa language), Oneida Nation of the Thames, Ontario, Canada, Cattaraugus Reservation, New York, United States. The Amerindian language family is a complicated language grouping. Greenberg, along with other respected linguists, used this as evidence for there being a single proto-language that all, or almost all, indigenous languages of the Americas are related to. Over 30,000 people speak one dialect of Sioux or another in the U.S. "And Apache is the same way because it's very close to Navajo. All of the Apache Tribes have language revitalization programs that is, they are working to teach future generations of Apaches the language. Learn a language. Indigenous language recognition in Brazil is limited to their localities. Many languages throughout North America are polysynthetic (EskimoAleut languages are extreme examples), although this is not characteristic of all North American languages (contrary to what was believed by 19th-century linguists). Interestingly enough, foreign language bans have historically been part of the package deal. The Bella Coola Language. Technically, a language family is a group of languages that can all be traced back to a single root language. There were an estimated 150,000 children in boarding schools in Canada and a total of 367 boarding schools in the United States. Some of these languages e.g., Aztecan of central Mexico and the Maya languages of Yucatan and Guatemalabelonged to large and complexly organized empires and probably accounted for most of the native population. Scientists mostly use words in their regular sense since they're regular people speaking the same language as you. Even the spread of disease, which is thought to have resulted in 75 to 90 percent of all Indian deaths, was not always an accident. Classification of American Indian languages. The above list gives a good overall picture of the indigenous languages that are spoken, especially because getting exact numbers for the smaller languages can be difficult. February is Hawaiian language month. The classification below is a composite of Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), and Mithun (1999). Likewise, you see Navajo on Twitter and Facebook (it is a written language); not all of these people live on the Navajo Nation. The odds of restoring many of these languages to their former glory are certainly not favorable. European conquest and colonization ultimately led to the disappearance of many American Indian language groups and to radical changes in the groups that survived. Linguists are trying to do their best to reconstruct the evolution of languages, but theyre relying on a very incomplete set of evidence. A rough estimation is that there were more than 2000 different native american languages before European colonisation. In 2010, Stony Brook University, together with two of the Indian nations, launched a joint project to revive Shinnecock and Unkechaug, two lost languages of Long Islands tribes that hadnt been spoken in nearly 200 years. North America is notable for its linguistic diversity, especially in California. "The largest that is the one with the most speakers is Western Apache and that's spoken in San Carlos and White Mountain (in Arizona), for example. Breaking down the language barrier bridges cultural differences, fosters a world of inclusion and is a first step in helping to address humanitys challenges. A pair of linguistics researchers, Mark Sicoli and Gary Holton, recently analyzed languages from North American Na-Dene family (traditionally spoken in Alaska, Canada and parts of the. According to UNESCO, most of the Indigenous languages of the Americas are critically endangered, and many are dormant (without native speakers but with a community of heritage-language users) or entirely extinct. Copyright 2022 Lingoda All Rights Reserved. One prolific lumper who put forth a theory about Amerindian languages was. Sadly, Romance languages have nothing to do with romancing someone. The American Indian languages do not form a single historically interrelated stock (as do the Indo-European languages), nor are there any structural features (in phonetics, grammar, or vocabulary) whereby American Indian languages can be distinguished as a whole from languages spoken elsewhere. Goddard, Ives. Follow activists and resources on social media: Inform yourself. Central Yupik is the most spoken Native American language in Alaska with 10,000 speakers. The Native Languages of the Americas states that there are over 25 million living speakers of an Amerindian language. The Amerindian languages are spread throughout both North and South America, as well as part of Greenland. Among their tools was a vocabulary list that Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1791. All pre-Columbian Indigenous writing systems are no longer used. There's a Big Battle Going on in the Grand Canyon, Arrival of European Breeds Wiped Out Native American Dogs, Robert Gauthier/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images, 1. Since at least 1923 researchers have suggested a connection exists between Asian and North American languages-but this is the first time a link has been demonstrated with conservative. Of course, the extinction of various indigenous languages was more than just a mathematical consequence. In W. Bright (Ed.). The supposed "n/m I/you" pattern has attracted attention even from those linguists who are normally critical of such long-distance proposals. Thanks to preservation and restoration initiatives, the number of speakers of the Hawaiian language increased by 28% from 2009 to 2013. They found that Native American and Canadian First Nations communities speak different English dialects, but many share similar patterns of pitch, rhythm and intonation features that linguists . Several Indigenous languages have been given official status in the countries where they occur, such as Guaran in Paraguay. Yet to the Native Americans whose languages are just a few years away from extinction, the loss goes to the heart of their identity. (4) there is a widespread practice of treating Native Americans 1 languages as if they were anachronisms; (5) there is a lack of clear, comprehensive, and consistent Federal policy on treatment of Native American languages which has often resulted in acts of suppression and extermination of Native American languages and cultures; This area has 18 language families comprising 74 languages (compared to four families in Europe: Indo-European, Uralic, Turkic, and Afroasiatic and one isolate, Basque).[81]. Countries like Canada, Argentina, and the United States allow their respective provinces and states to determine their own language recognition policies. Others were far more restricted in area and numbers of speakers. [83] Still other proposals are almost unanimously rejected by specialists (for example, Amerind). As mentioned, all it takes to be called an Amerindian language is to have been spoken in the New World before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. Since Native American nouns were often whole verb-like complexes, not unlike an entire sentence, English speakers began to string nouns together to try to . Besides Proto-Eskaleut and Proto-NaDene, the families in North America with neither 1sg n or 2sg m are Atakapan, Chitimacha, Cuitlatec, Haida, Kutenai, Proto-Caddoan, Proto-Chimakuan, Proto-Comecrudan, Proto-Iroquoian, Proto-Muskogean, Proto-Siouan-Catawba, Tonkawa, Waikuri, Yana, Yuchi, Zuni. Mayan languages are spoken by at least 6 million Indigenous Maya, primarily in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize and Honduras. john avlon wife, does blue cross blue shield cover rabies shots, ruger precision rimfire upgrades,
how similar are native american languages
(1998). South America had an aboriginal population of between 10 million and 20 million and the greatest diversity of languagesmore than 500 languages. ). Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1977). Its not entirely clear how all of these languages are tied together, and even the best guesses have to rely on best guesses. The Amerindian language family is a complicated language grouping. Navajo has four tones (high, rising, falling, low), marked by accents. "So it is a testament to the resilience of generations of Navajos that there is still a Navajo language being spoken today," Webster continues. Boas, Franz. Thats down slightly from 73.7 percent in 2005, though in 2010, that number had dipped to 72.2 percent. Although sometimes enshrined in constitutions as official, the languages may be used infrequently in de facto official use. "Much research in linguistics and linguistic anthropology have asked questions about what it means to be a speaker and it isn't so simple as 'knows the language' because, as can be imagined, that begs questions as well.". Reply [deleted] Additional comment actions [removed] Reply As a result, many relationships between languages and language families have not been determined and some of those relationships that have been proposed are on somewhat shaky ground. "All these languages are related historically (and related as well to Navajo) think, for example, of English and German or Spanish and French. . Over a thousand known languages were spoken by various peoples in North and South America prior to their first contact with Europeans. With the loss of the languages, all kinds of wonderful things that the speakers did with their languages have also vanished, for example, some of the greatest works of oral literature ever produced the multilingual performances with different characters speaking different languages that was found in the Pacific Northwest, Anderson said. The other 10% are using linguistically unsound methods--searching two languages for any two vocabulary words that begin with the same letter, essentially, and presenting them as evidence. Now, they continue to account for a large portion of the nations linguistic diversity. Which languages belong to the Germanic language family, and how similar are they today? Dakhtiyapi is the Dakota language spoken by nearly 19,000 people. "Navajo" Is the Most Common Native Language, but the Name Is Not Totally Accurate, 2. Of the roughly 2.7 million American Indians and Alaska Natives counted by the 2016 census, 73 percent of those aged 5 years or older spoke only English. It caused Sapir to suggest that ultimately all Native American languages would turn out to be related. Fifty years after the U.S. Congress passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act (CRA), Native Americans continue to fight for the right to remain an Indian (Lomawaima & McCarty, 2006) against a backdrop of test-driven language policies that threaten to destabilize proven bilingual programs and violate hard-fought language rights protections such as the Native American Languages Act of 1990/1992. and similarly in Canada, 133,000 people reported speaking an Indigenous language at home in the 2011 census. The Amerindian language family is a general term for the languages spoken in North and South America before contact with Europeans started in the 15th century. languages (including Choctaw, Cherokee, Lakota, and others) in both WWI and WWII Overview Somewhere between 250 and 600 languages spoken in North America at the time of European contact In 1997 there were about 211 (175 in present U.S.) Only about 30 languages are still spoken by all generations. Due to the diversity of languages in North America, it is difficult to make generalizations for the region. "Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and transmit to future generations their . 29 May 2020. Many of the proposed (and often speculative) groupings of families can be seen in Campbell (1997), Gordon (2005), Kaufman (1990, 1994), Key (1979), Loukotka (1968), and in the Language stock proposals section below. Several languages are only known by mention in historical documents or from only a few names or words. * The Na-Dene languages, often referred to as Athabascan or A. A short list is below. In D. L. Payne (Ed.). (1990). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. , and theres a long written history to show how it has evolved. Indigenous languages once flourished in the United States. The native languages of South America. Because of this, he has really hard opinions about AP Style. "Navajo people are Din, which just means 'people. ", "Like many Native American languages, many Navajos are concerned that young people are not learning the language at a rate that will insure its persistence," Webster says. A number of languages have become extinct: in the West Indies the aboriginal languages have almost entirely disappeared, and in America north of Mexico one-third of the aboriginal languages have become extinct. A bibliographical database, Indigenous Peoples Languages: Articles, News, Videos, Documentation Center of the Linguistic Minorities of Panama, The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America, The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, Southern Oregon Digital Archives First Nations Tribal Collection, Center for the Study of the Native Languages of the Plains and Southwest, Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica, Programa de Formacin en Educacin Intercultural Bilinge para los Pases Andinos, Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages, Indigenous language families and isolates, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&oldid=1142293786, CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br), Short description with empty Wikidata description, Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Quebec and Labrador, Canada, Canada (Ontario & Quebec) and US (New York), Mexico (Extinct, but retains recognition), *mi 'you', *min 'you' (obj), *min-ki 'your', *ni 'I', *ni-s 'me', *ne-r 'my', *ne-t 'my', *mi 'you', *mi-s (obj. "Recent papers on the language and works produced by the community use the name 'Din bizaad' [or Dineh bizad, in an alternate spelling]: 'people's language.' This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 16:24. "Sioux, as far as I know, is a historic term that covers several languages/dialects that may or may not be mutually intelligible, including Lakota and Dakota," Cornelius says. However, even after decades of research, a large number of families remain. In some cases, its a race against time to study these languages and keep them alive. "Likewise, for a variety of reasons, people may or may not want to identify in such a manner (questions of speakers is not a linguistic question, it is a social question). "5 Things to Know About Native American Languages Spoken in the 21st Century" "Navajo is a Southern Athabaskan language and a part of the . The tongue traditionally spoken by Potawatomi Native Americans had only eight people who'd learned it as their first. "Amerindian language" redirects here. Omissions? If all the proposed Penutian and Hokan languages in the table below are related, then the frequency drops to 9% of North American families, statistically indistinguishable from the world average. Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (De facto), Mexico, North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, Nicaragua, Honduras (Atlntida, Coln, Gracias a Dios), Salt River PimaMaricopa Indian Community, United States, Fort Apache Indian Reservation, United States, Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, United States, So Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil, (Banwa language), Oneida Nation of the Thames, Ontario, Canada, Cattaraugus Reservation, New York, United States. The Amerindian language family is a complicated language grouping. Greenberg, along with other respected linguists, used this as evidence for there being a single proto-language that all, or almost all, indigenous languages of the Americas are related to. Over 30,000 people speak one dialect of Sioux or another in the U.S. "And Apache is the same way because it's very close to Navajo. All of the Apache Tribes have language revitalization programs that is, they are working to teach future generations of Apaches the language. Learn a language. Indigenous language recognition in Brazil is limited to their localities. Many languages throughout North America are polysynthetic (EskimoAleut languages are extreme examples), although this is not characteristic of all North American languages (contrary to what was believed by 19th-century linguists). Interestingly enough, foreign language bans have historically been part of the package deal. The Bella Coola Language. Technically, a language family is a group of languages that can all be traced back to a single root language. There were an estimated 150,000 children in boarding schools in Canada and a total of 367 boarding schools in the United States. Some of these languages e.g., Aztecan of central Mexico and the Maya languages of Yucatan and Guatemalabelonged to large and complexly organized empires and probably accounted for most of the native population. Scientists mostly use words in their regular sense since they're regular people speaking the same language as you. Even the spread of disease, which is thought to have resulted in 75 to 90 percent of all Indian deaths, was not always an accident. Classification of American Indian languages. The above list gives a good overall picture of the indigenous languages that are spoken, especially because getting exact numbers for the smaller languages can be difficult. February is Hawaiian language month. The classification below is a composite of Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), and Mithun (1999). Likewise, you see Navajo on Twitter and Facebook (it is a written language); not all of these people live on the Navajo Nation. The odds of restoring many of these languages to their former glory are certainly not favorable. European conquest and colonization ultimately led to the disappearance of many American Indian language groups and to radical changes in the groups that survived. Linguists are trying to do their best to reconstruct the evolution of languages, but theyre relying on a very incomplete set of evidence. A rough estimation is that there were more than 2000 different native american languages before European colonisation. In 2010, Stony Brook University, together with two of the Indian nations, launched a joint project to revive Shinnecock and Unkechaug, two lost languages of Long Islands tribes that hadnt been spoken in nearly 200 years. North America is notable for its linguistic diversity, especially in California. "The largest that is the one with the most speakers is Western Apache and that's spoken in San Carlos and White Mountain (in Arizona), for example. Breaking down the language barrier bridges cultural differences, fosters a world of inclusion and is a first step in helping to address humanitys challenges. A pair of linguistics researchers, Mark Sicoli and Gary Holton, recently analyzed languages from North American Na-Dene family (traditionally spoken in Alaska, Canada and parts of the. According to UNESCO, most of the Indigenous languages of the Americas are critically endangered, and many are dormant (without native speakers but with a community of heritage-language users) or entirely extinct. Copyright 2022 Lingoda All Rights Reserved. One prolific lumper who put forth a theory about Amerindian languages was. Sadly, Romance languages have nothing to do with romancing someone. The American Indian languages do not form a single historically interrelated stock (as do the Indo-European languages), nor are there any structural features (in phonetics, grammar, or vocabulary) whereby American Indian languages can be distinguished as a whole from languages spoken elsewhere. Goddard, Ives. Follow activists and resources on social media: Inform yourself. Central Yupik is the most spoken Native American language in Alaska with 10,000 speakers. The Native Languages of the Americas states that there are over 25 million living speakers of an Amerindian language. The Amerindian languages are spread throughout both North and South America, as well as part of Greenland. Among their tools was a vocabulary list that Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1791. All pre-Columbian Indigenous writing systems are no longer used. There's a Big Battle Going on in the Grand Canyon, Arrival of European Breeds Wiped Out Native American Dogs, Robert Gauthier/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images, 1. Since at least 1923 researchers have suggested a connection exists between Asian and North American languages-but this is the first time a link has been demonstrated with conservative. Of course, the extinction of various indigenous languages was more than just a mathematical consequence. In W. Bright (Ed.). The supposed "n/m I/you" pattern has attracted attention even from those linguists who are normally critical of such long-distance proposals. Thanks to preservation and restoration initiatives, the number of speakers of the Hawaiian language increased by 28% from 2009 to 2013. They found that Native American and Canadian First Nations communities speak different English dialects, but many share similar patterns of pitch, rhythm and intonation features that linguists . Several Indigenous languages have been given official status in the countries where they occur, such as Guaran in Paraguay. Yet to the Native Americans whose languages are just a few years away from extinction, the loss goes to the heart of their identity. (4) there is a widespread practice of treating Native Americans 1 languages as if they were anachronisms; (5) there is a lack of clear, comprehensive, and consistent Federal policy on treatment of Native American languages which has often resulted in acts of suppression and extermination of Native American languages and cultures; This area has 18 language families comprising 74 languages (compared to four families in Europe: Indo-European, Uralic, Turkic, and Afroasiatic and one isolate, Basque).[81]. Countries like Canada, Argentina, and the United States allow their respective provinces and states to determine their own language recognition policies. Others were far more restricted in area and numbers of speakers. [83] Still other proposals are almost unanimously rejected by specialists (for example, Amerind). As mentioned, all it takes to be called an Amerindian language is to have been spoken in the New World before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. Since Native American nouns were often whole verb-like complexes, not unlike an entire sentence, English speakers began to string nouns together to try to . Besides Proto-Eskaleut and Proto-NaDene, the families in North America with neither 1sg n or 2sg m are Atakapan, Chitimacha, Cuitlatec, Haida, Kutenai, Proto-Caddoan, Proto-Chimakuan, Proto-Comecrudan, Proto-Iroquoian, Proto-Muskogean, Proto-Siouan-Catawba, Tonkawa, Waikuri, Yana, Yuchi, Zuni. Mayan languages are spoken by at least 6 million Indigenous Maya, primarily in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize and Honduras. john avlon wife, does blue cross blue shield cover rabies shots, ruger precision rimfire upgrades, Which Part Of The Mollusk Body Contains Organs?,
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