festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Twenty Dollar condition. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. How are these 100 people likely to respond? A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. That is it. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Don't have time for it all now? test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. 0000011828 00000 n Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. /N 8 According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? 109 0 obj <>stream Rating scale 0 to 10. >> dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Their prediction provedcorrect. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. York University, Toronto, Ontario. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. Don't see what you need? 0000010660 00000 n Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. endstream endobj startxref $K{.-hC ;{l8S Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. (Goleman, 1991) The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so 4. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Don't see what you need? J. abnorm. New York Times, p.C1. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. 0000001089 00000 n /ImageI The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. /Contents 58 0 R This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. & JANIS, I.L. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. /L 680077 He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. ", 3. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as (The secretary had left the office.) Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. This is an example of which rule of attraction? in order to reduce dissonance. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. Vince's behavior is an example of. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. 4. /ImageC Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. (Boulding, 1969). Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? The results were surprising to Festinger. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. by meredith_davis9, Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. 80 0 obj <> endobj To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. The participants were 71 male students in totality. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. 2. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. Dr. Nekita Fuller Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. From this point on they diverged somewhat. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. How do we explain this? According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. We'll bring you back here when you are done. 0000000974 00000 n 47 14 If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. (p.3). Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Scott, W. A. /Linearized 1.0 Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. /Text (Boulding, 1969) June 22, 2015 Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. 0000001035 00000 n Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. [/PDF enjoyable than the others would. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. Cognitive Dissonance. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards.

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