how much was a drachma worth in ancient greece

how much was a drachma worth in ancient greece

These accomplishments were only possible due to his great wealth and ability to attract soldiers. The word probably meant "a handful/ to grasp." In America and Canada a "dollar" is our currency. [3][n 4] Initially a drachma was a fistful (a "grasp") of six obolo or obelo (metal sticks, literally "spits") used as a form of currency as early as 1100BC and being a form of "bullion": bronze, copper, or iron ingots denominated by weight. They were equal in value to about 25 U.S. dollars in 2006; however, the drachma was worth far more than this. On 1 May 1954, the drachma was revalued at a rate of 1,000 to 1, and small change notes were abolished for the last time. Pious Jews questioned the morality of such an act. A skilled worker in Athens or a hoplite could earn about one drachma a day. The drachma was subdivided into 100 lepta. The (National Central Bank of Greece) exchanged drachma coins until 1 March 2004 and drachma banknotes until 1 March 2012. spelling variant is also attested. Many of the restaurants in the area . Check send rates. The reverse of all coins was altered in 1971 to reflect the military junta which was in power from 1967 to 1974. It is difficult to estimate comparative exchange rates with modern currency because the range of products produced by economies of centuries gone by were different from today, which makes purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations very difficult; however, some historians and economists have estimated that in the 5th century BC a drachma had a rough value of 25 U.S. dollars (in the year 1990 equivalent to US$46.50 in 2015[8]), whereas classical historians regularly say that in the heyday of ancient Greece (the fifth and fourth centuries) the daily wage for a skilled worker or a hoplite[9] was one drachma, and for a heliast (juror) half a drachma since 425BC.[10]. At a wage of $20 USD/hr that is approximately $12,000 USD. the minimum on Tuesday, 27 September 2022. How much was a drachma worth in Caesar's time? It was the standard unit of silver coinage at most ancient Greek and Roman mints, and the name 'obol' was used to describe a coin that was one-sixth of a drachma. grain) as well as metals like silver or gold. Before his death, he planned to build a grand temple dedicated to Mars and a library that would rival Alexandria and Pompey. In ancient Athens, a skilled worker or hoplite could earn one drachma a day. 1 ruble from 2005), in Mongolia (e.g. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. He orders to strike the obverse of the ancient drachmas with the portrait of Zeus and its own portrait with a horse on the reverse or a young naked rider with the insignia of the victory. Diocletian decreed the death penalty for sellers and buyers who violated his maximums. Similar information about Pheidon's obeloi was also recorded at the Parian Chronicle. In 2002 the drachma ceased to be legal tender after the euro, the monetary unit of the European Union, became Greece's sole currency. [18] The Greek government again issued notes between 1940 and 1944, in denominations ranging from 50 lepta to 20. Drachma is the currency that was in use in Ancient Greece for over 10 centuries. In an effort to halt the inflation, Greece joined the Bretton Woods system in 1953. At Leftover Currency we specialize in the exchange of obsolete currencies, like the Greek Drachma. In Caesars will, he gives seventy-five drachmas to every Roman citizen and bequeaths his private gardens and newly planted orchards on both sides of the Tiber River to the public. Athens and Corinth soon followed Aegina's lead. It does not work to use the current value of silver or gold to back into the value of the currency in Alexanders time. In 2000, a set of 6 themed 500 coins were issued to commemorate the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. It represented 90% of the total population in 2015 and is constitutionally recognized as the prevailing religion of Greece. There are two types: the Longacre and the Saint-Gaudens 20 dollars. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. A good cloak cost 500. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? These cookies do not store any personal information. The coin has been minted, The 20 dollar coins are among the most famous American gold coins. drachma, silver coin of ancient Greece, dating from about the mid-6th century bc, and the former monetary unit of modern Greece. At a wage of $20 USD/hr that is approximately $12,000 USD. Previously, the unit of currency was iron cooking-spits. Golden drachmas are large, round coins that are usually made of gold or silver. The drachma was divided into 100 lepta. A meaningful answer must usually begin: "It's complicated." A more complete answer might include "It depends" In our global economy, where almost everything is instantly convertible into cash, we. There is a special Attic numeral, U+10142 GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC ONE DRACHMA, for the value of one drachma but it fails to render in most browsers.[24]. CoinWeek does not buy or sell coins or numismatic material and No endorsement or affiliation to or from CoinWeek.com is made. Date. Wikipedia has some information about the Greek drachma which seems plausible. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Schaps, David. It was divided into six obols of 0.72 grams, which were subdivided into four tetartemoria of 0.18 grams, one of the smallest coins ever struck, approximately 57mm in diameter. The emperor Julius Caesar left every Roman citizen 75 drachmas in his will. Ancient coins, like medals in the modern Olympic games, come in gold, silver and bronze. The first drachma was the value of the first five years of a mans life. In late 1973, several new coin types were introduced: unholed aluminium (10 and 20), nickel-brass (50 lepta, 1, and 2) and cupro-nickel (5, 10, and 20). Another way of thinking about the labor equivalent of ancient coins is soldiers pay one of the most important items in the budget of ancient empires. In the ancient world, copper alloys (bronze and brass) formed tools, weapons, statues, cooking vessels and countless other non-coinage uses. The Drachma was reintroduced in 1832 after the formation of modern-day Greece. First in silver, then in bronze, it is divided into eight chalkos or twelve depending on the region of Greece. [8] Less than two percent of the US population is employed in agriculture. How much was an ancient drachma worth? Your email address will not be published. That same amount is equal to about 40 USD today. Just some thoughts. [n 7]. For the Roman successors of the drachma, see Roman provincial coins. Location 1797 says guests at a banquet could eat 160 drachma of food which was 80 days pay for a mercenary of the day. Although Drachmas were used as far back as the 9th century, modern Drachma Gold Coins date from the mid-19th century. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It was originally set at 1/6 drachma by Pericles, until, Cf. Gold coin = 20 drachma = 5.8 gram gold blended or 5.32 g pure gold at 22/24 carats. He sees Antony as a limb, and after the death of Caesar, he no longer has any power over his king. | For more information, see our data protection policy. The weight of the silver drachma was approximately 4.3 grams or 0.15 ounces,[12] although weights varied significantly from one city-state to another. At this time, a drachma was worth almost 10.5 choenix of wheat. So, you can use this calculator to calculate the value of eight dollars in Greek drachmas. Brutus actions are disastrous for Rome, but he also fumbles over his choices. The ancient drachma was mainly minted in silver, some of them were produced in bronze later, in the 4th century BC, but they did not circulate for long. Republic of Greece (Greek military junta) (1973-1974) Drachma=100 lepta 20 drachma 1973 copper-nickel 20 X / 1973 Coin value - $1-2 . Laborers earned 25 d.c. per day. Price history of USD / GRD. The drachma was one of the world's earliest coins. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Greek Drachma is the currency in Greece (GR, GRC). Greek Drachma Gold Coins: A Piece of History. However, some historians have estimated that in the 5th century BC a drachma had a rough value of 25 U.S. dollars (in the year 1990 - equivalent to 40 USD in 2006). Each city would mint its own and have them stamped with recognizable symbols of the city, known as badge in numismatics, along with suitable inscriptions, and they would often be referred to either by the name of the city or of the image depicted. Julius Caesar's will specified a gift of 75 Attic drachma's for every roman citizen. Are you richer today than John D. Rockefeller was in 1916? [20] Only paper money was issued for the second drachma. To know how many drachmas are in $8, look at the currency exchange rates. Brutus also persuades his conspirators to kill Antony. A skilled worker in Athens or a hoplite could earn about one drachma a day. Drachmas were issued in the 5th century BC. drachma ( plural drachmas or drachmae or drachmai ) The currency of Greece in ancient times and again from 1832 until 2001, with the symbol , since replaced by the euro . The Greek drachma was the currency of Greece before it was replaced by the . Ancient drachma: a thousand-year-old currency. A silver 30 coin for the centennial of Greece's royal dynasty was minted in 1963. Women in Greece. drachma, silver coin of ancient Greece, dating from about the mid-6th century bc, and the former monetary unit of modern Greece. How much would a Roman drachma be worth today? Greece is officially a secular state. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". 1000 GRD to GBP Online Currency Converter (Calculator). A serving of table wine cost 1/16 of a denarius, while vintage wine cost 1/4 denarius. Although Drachmas were used as far back as the 9th century, modern Drachma Gold Coins date from the mid-19th century. When did the euro replace the drachma in Greece? Johns Hopkins (1996), Hendin, David. A range of Drachma coins issued by Greece. The coin in the fishs mouth is generally seen as a symbolic act or sign, but there is little agreement concerning what it signifies. 2023 DISCLAIMER: All content within CoinWeek.com is presented for informational purposes only, with no guarantee of accuracy. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Drachma, silver coin of ancient Greece, dating from about the mid-6th century bc, and the former monetary unit of modern Greece. The drachma was one of the world's earliest coins. This article was most recently revised and updated by, drachma - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). In that time, one drachma would be around one days wages for a skilled worker or a hoplite. When Greece finally achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1828, the phoenix was introduced as the monetary unit; its use was short-lived, however, and in 1832 the phoenix was replaced by the drachma, adorned with the image of King Otto, who reigned as modern Greeces first king from 1832 to 1862. He later decides not to kill the emperor. Lets take a look at the value of the drachma and how it was used by Julius Caesar. The gold drachma was much rarer. The ancient drachma: history and value Archaeological researches place the appearance of the drachma around 550 BC. This manipulation enriches for wealthiest 1% along with the banks, as the working man in the US is beggared. The Babylonians and Sumerians had a system in which there were 60 shekels in a mina and 60 minas in a talent (in Ancient Greece one talent was 26 kg of silver). Six of them are displayed at the Numismatic Museum of Athens. You can use the International Monetary Fund to find the current rate. He began his education at a young age under a private tutor, Marcus Antonius Gnipho. Usually, prices were rounded up to the next multiple of 10 drachmae. A drachma was half of the stater, which refers to a weighing scale and represents the general value of two drammes. Image: Courtesy of Flickr by Carole Raddato. A 20 coin in cupro-nickel with an image of Europa on the obverse was issued in 1973. The spot price of silver is $14.22 per Troy ounce[5]. Gold closed this week at US$1,200 per Troy ounce[4], so a 7.0-gram ancient Greek gold stater from the time of Alexander the Great (died 323 BCE) represents a bullion value of $270.04. Monday, 27 February 2023. Oxford (2008). Those Morgan dollars today based on silver content alone would be worth $11 each. During the time of Julius Caesar, a skilled worker could earn one drachma a day, or about $20 USD per hour. This seems extremely undervalued to me, can someone whos familiar on the topic confirm this? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Its name derives from the Greek verb meaning "to grasp," and its original value was equivalent to that of a handful of arrows. [13] This has nothing to do with the Italian car: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money. Is Greek drachma worth . perch l'impero romano d'oriente sopravvisse Proudly powered by. The radical increase in standard of living invalidates that comparison. . How much was a drachma worth in ancient Greece? [13], Minae and talents were never actually minted: they represented weight measures used for commodities (e.g. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. This is how the Greeks got their name drachma. The birth of coinage in wider Greece, though, was not really an invention of convenience but a necessity, driven by the need to . He then meets Antonys army in Philippi, where he awaits the arrival of the enemy. I dont think so. The drachma coin weighed 4.5g and contained 90% silver, with the 20 coin containing 5.8g of gold. There were many states minted fractions of drachmas, like in Ptolemaic Egypt, which minted large coins in gold, silver, and bronze. . In our world, a small and diminishing number of farmers can each feed themselves and over 50 others[8]. Coins dated 1993 are available only in sets, not in circulation. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. The smaller coins were made of silver and had a 1:10 relationship with gold weight. The Greek drachma is an older form of Greek currency. How much is 75 drachmas worth today? In time, silver coins of one drachma and its multiples were debased, and progressively higher proportions of copper were admixed. The answer is, um, yes. How to Get Livestock Upgrade Parts in Sims 4. Elites used gold coins for purchases of luxury goods, property, and slaves. Ancient economies did not work like modern ones, and ancient writers, almost all slave-owning aristocrats who belonged to privileged elites, rarely wrote about the vulgar topic of money. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Jefferson said it best, If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the people of all property until their children wake up homeless on the continent their Fathers conqueredI believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs.. However, some historians have estimated that in the 5th century BC a drachma had a rough value of 25 U.S. dollars (in the year 1990 - equivalent to 40 USD in 2006). [10] In practice this is usually increased significantly by various allowances such as housing. That would buy over 40 kilograms of silver, or about 555 grams (18.2 troy ounces) of gold at current rates. [7] Ancient laborers probably worked more than an eight-hour day. In our world, copper is a commodity used mainly for electric wiring[6]. The chalkos is in bronze and the smallest known division. . The income at the time for a skilled worker was 1 drachma a day wiki. The drachma also has multiples, including the didrachma worth two drachmas, the tetradrachma (or stater) worth four drachmas and the decadrachma worth ten drachmas. drachmae or drachmas) was the currency used in Greece during several periods in its history: The name drachma is derived from the verb (drssomai, "(I) grasp"). Is the Coin Market Sleeping on Fairmont Collection Gold Coins? It can also be found on many other European and non-European coins: in Greece (e.g. ), whereas classical historians regularly say that in the heyday of ancient Greece (the fifth and fourth centuries) the daily wage for a skilled worker or a hoplite [4] was In the beginning, he is influenced by Cassius, who wants him to assassinate Antony. What is Spawning Protection in Minecraft. In the Levant, they used gold coins. Drachmas are part of the coinage that gave birth to all modern currencies and the original coin stemmed from the monetary system of Ancient Greece that was developed from 800BC. A Greek (or "Attic") talent was approximately the mass of water required to fill an amphora and weighed about 26 kilograms (57 lb), therefore a silver drachma should have weighed about 4.3 grams. drachma, silver coin of ancient Greece, dating from about the mid-6th century bc, and the former monetary unit of modern Greece. According to a study undertaken by Bloomberg, drachmas worth an estimated 477.9 million are still safely tucked away all over Greece never to be . from CoinWeek Supplies for 25% off Cover Price. I will assume that is 22 carat because I've read pure gold is too malleable to use in coins. These symbols of wisdom have also been taken up on the coin of a Greek euro. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Diocletian, a tough military commander, thought he could simply issue orders to make wages and prices fall into line throughout the Empire. Cookie Notice For a skilled worker in modern-day Athens, one drachma is equivalent to EUR40 per day. Thus we have: Silver drachma = 4.5 gram @ 90% = 4.05 gram of silver Gold coin = 20 drachma = 5.8 gram gold blended or 5.32 g pure gold at 22/24 carats. We know from many sources that a silver drachma or denarius was a typical days minimum wage for a manual worker. US Dollar to Greek Drachma conversion Last updated Mar 2, 2023, 10:15 UTC. A soldiers tunic cost 75; his boots, 100. In 100 BC, Julius Caesar was born in Subura, Rome, into an aristocratic family. (Very small numbers of 50 and 100 coins in gold were also issued.). The exchange rate was updated on August 18, 2022. [16], The drachma was reintroduced in May 1832, shortly before the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece. For the moth genus, see, Above: Six rod-shaped obeloi (oboloi) displayed at the. Modern commentators derived from Xenophon[11] that half a drachma per day (360 days per year) would provide "a comfortable subsistence" for "the poor citizens" (for the head of a household in 355BC). How much was a drachma worth in ancient Greece? 1000 and 500 tugrik from 2005), the Cook Islands (e . An average. The Greek Drachma was the currency of Greece from 1832 until 2002, when it was replaced by the Euro. The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World. But what is todays value of a US dollar in terms of ancient Athenian drachmai, or ancient Roman sestertii? The Greek Drachma was also an ancient currency used in many Greek city-states. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Divide that by 20 gives 0.266 g of pure gold for 1 drachma. More specifically, Ill use the rate of pay of 2 drachmae per day for skilled labor mentioned by Prof. Holt. The highest-priced item on record is purple silk, reserved for the Imperial household, at 150,000 dc per pound. A 20-drachma gold coin contained 5.8 g of gold. Metrologists have come to differing conclusions concerning its exact length, but the currently accepted modern equivalents are 296 mm or 11.65 inches. Tetradrachm: were worth 4 drachmae, weighing 17.2 grams. A good rough number for today would be 70:1. GRD replaced by EUR. Early denominations ranged from 10 to 500. No 1 or 2 coin had been issued since the late 1870s. The notes were then cut in half, with the portion bearing the Greek crown standing in for the bonds while the other half was exchanged for a new issue of central bank notes at half the original value. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. the Finnish 100 markka issued in 1990), in Poland (the 1986 Polish 500 zloty coin), in Belarus (e.g. Silver coin typically circulated for the payment of wages, and bronze token coinage circulated for the purchase of daily necessities. Thats $39,600 per year in todays money, hardly a low level working mans salary in most areas in the US! International Standard Bible Encyclopedia DRACHMA; DRAM The 50 drachmai banknote was replaced by a coin in 1980. Will also mention some comment by Prof. Holt. How much is ancient Greece money worth? Harris, ed. On surviving fragments of the Edict on Maximum Prices[11] we have prices for over a thousand different services and commodities. Gold Double louis d'or a la tte nue - 1786 K Bordeaux, Louis XVI - Ecu 6 Livres Franoise - 1793 A Paris - Countermark 40 Batzen - PCGS VG 10, Gold Aureus - Roma - NGC XF strike 5/5 - surface 1/5, Gold Double Excellente - Ferdinand and Isabel - Sevilla NGC AU 55. It is therefore the witness of a part of Greek history and contains a considerable interest for numismatists. According to Michael Scott, in his article "The Rise of Women in Ancient Greece" ( History Today ), "place of women" and their achievements in ancient Greece was best described by Thucidydes . What was in Caesars will for the Roman citizens in Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare? When did the drachma become legal tender in Greece? 1, 2002, the Greek drachma was officially replaced as the circulating currency by the euro. The new currency was pegged at 30 drachmae = 1 US dollar. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. drachmae or drachmas) was the currency used in Greece during several periods in its history: . Sculptors and doctors were able to make up to six drachmae daily. This drachma also suffered from high inflation. In both cases its length was the same. drachma, silver coin of ancient Greece, dating from about the mid-6th century bc, and the former monetary unit of modern Greece. The obolus is therefore a division of the drachma. These provisional coins carried the design of the phoenix rising from the flame on the obverse, and used the country's new designation as the "Hellenic Republic", replacing the coins also issued in 1973 as the Kingdom of Greece with King Constantine II's portrait. You get: 0.00 900. That $3600 could have been exchanged for 3600 Morgan silver dollars upon demand at any US Federal bank. This mistake was crucial for the survival of the empire, and it also leads to the end of Brutus life. The following year a non-circulating coin of this value was produced to commemorate the royal wedding. An ancient Greek currency unit issued by many Greek city states during a period of ten centuries, from the Archaic period throughout the Classical period, the Hellenistic period up to the Roman period under Greek Imperial Coinage. A cow would cost somewhere between 25 and 51 drachmas and we have examples of the prices of slaves from an auction of a man's property: a slave child from Caria (in present-day Turkey) cost 75 drachmas, a woman from Thrace (present-day north-eastern Greece, north-western Turkey and southern Bulgaria) cost 135 and a man from Syria cost 301. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. A new series of all 8 denominations was introduced in 1976 carrying images of early national heroes on the smaller values. The drachma (Greek: Modern: , Ancient: [drakm]; pl. I dont believe we significantly value or pay soldiers or workers today more than they did 2000 years ago. In 1922, the Greek government issued a forced loan in order to finance their growing budget deficit. It was replaced with the Euro on January 1, 2002. [19] The Italian occupation authorities in the Ionian Islands printed their own currency, the Ionian drachma. The notion that drachma derived from the word for fistful was recorded by Herakleides of Pontos (387312BC) who was informed by the priests of Heraion that Pheidon, king of Argos, dedicated rod-shaped obeloi to Heraion. With this in mind, he borrowed a large sum of money to put on games, festivals, and other events for the people. Roman leaders believed that varied entertainment would keep people happy. This is an order of magnitude larger than the $186 USD-1998 arkenberg. The economy was a mess. No, the sole difference is the pernicious effect of the fiat dollar on the wealth of the Middle Class of America. T. Frank, ed. Required fields are marked *. Everything would be priced in terms of a new theoretical unit, the denarius communis or d.c. A new high quality silver coin, the argenteus, was worth 100 d.c, and the gold aureus was worth 1,200. Money and Measures in Ancient Greece. Nevertheless, as foreign invaders gained control in Greece, the drachma disappeared from use. Discover regularly ancient drachmas on our shop. Each of them wanted to outdo the others and show their power by minting the most beautiful coinage that would be seen beyond their borders. The government issued notes of 1, 5, 10 and 20, with the Bank of Greece issuing 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 notes. Times of prosperity compared to times of prosperity, or decline compared to decline. The weight of the drachma was 4.3 grams in silver /gold, or 66.5 in grains . Entdecke GRIECHENLAND 1 DRACHME 1911 SILBER B46 #K3481 in groer Auswahl Vergleichen Angebote und Preise Online kaufen bei eBay Kostenlose Lieferung fr viele Artikel! The drachma was the Greek monetary unit, during Antiquity, but also before the arrival of the euro from 1831 to 2000. After Alexander's conquests, the name drachma was used in many of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the Middle East, including the Ptolemaic kingdom in Alexandria and the Parthian Empire based in what is modern-day Iran. Learn how your comment data is processed. Proudly powered by WordPress Computed as an annual salary, this represents about 1,540 grams of silver or, converted into gold at the typical ancient 15:1 rate, 103 g of gold (about three-and-a-third troy ounces). At a wage of $20 USD/hr that is approximately $12,000 USD. The Athenian tetradrachm was called owl,[6] the Aeginetic stater was called chelone, the Corinthian stater was called hippos (horse) and so on. They were equal in value to about 25 U.S. dollars in 2006; however, the drachma was worth far more than this. 1 GRD = 0.00311831 USD. They are described as big as Girl Scout cookies by Percy, and are used by the gods and demigods. In 2002 the drachma ceased to be legal tender after the euro, the monetary unit of the European Union, became Greeces sole currency. On 4/30/16, the Wall Street Journal commodities page shows: Those three ratios are roughly comparable to each other. Professor Holt repeatedly uses a ratio of 10:1 in his book. At the content mention of 4.5% @ 90% pure silver, that translates into: The Treasures of Alexander book by Prof. Holt that Im reading repeatedly uses a ratio of 6,000 drachmae to 1 talent. I suspect that the poor remained poor and never retired, the middle class remained there until death, infrequently retiring, and the rich probably had more to fear of displeasing the politicians (if they werent politicians themselves, as they would probably not be in a money-losing deal for very long. The exchange rate was fixed at 340.75 drachmas to 1 euro. The mayor would get around 1 drachma, the judge would get 3 oboloi and finally if you were a member of the parliament, then you would land up getting around 1 drachma too. The most famous is undoubtedly the Athenian drachma with the effigy of the goddess Athena on the obverse and an owl with an olive branch on the reverse. Its name derives from the Greek verb meaning to grasp, and its original value was equivalent to that of a handful of arrows.

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